By reading this short review can at least understand what the purpose of the materials that are contained in the fat burner supplement that did not think it would be a performance supplement instant.
The materials contained in the fat burner supplement include :
Alpha lipoic acidCaffeine
Ephedra
Synephrine
Carnitine
Hydroxycitric Acid
Guggulsterones
Chitosan
Hoodia Gordonii
White kidney bean
Alpha lipoic acid
Since the mid-1950s and clinical nutrition using overlapping LA has been recognized and developed commercially. , RLA is a classic example of orthomolecular nutrition, in the original sense of Linus Pauling. Due
to the low cost and ease of manufacturing R / S-LA relative to the RLA,
as well as the initial success in treatment, more widely used form of
racemic and clinical nutrition in Europe and Japan, although the initial
recognition that various forms of LA are not bioequivalent.
The
original reason for using the R / S-lipoic acid (LA) as a nutritional
supplement is that endogenous RLA known to have biochemical properties
such as vitamin-B (act as substrates or co-factors critical to the
function of the enzyme). It
is also recognized that lower concentrations of endogenous RLA found in
human tissues with various diseases and RLA lower levels found in
24-hour urine of patients with various diseases as compared to healthy
subjects. Injections R / S-LA as low as normal urine output of 10-25 mg daily and in many cases improve the health of patients. When
it shows that mammals have genes to synthesize endogenous RLA, loss of
vitamin status but are now regarded as "essential nutritional
requirements".
The
precise mechanism of how RLA decline with age and various progressive
disease not diketahui.Selain the microbial tests are used to measure the
LA basically stereospecific for RLA (100% active for the RLA, 0%
activity for SLA) so it is believed that basically SLA inert or biological activity is very low. This was proven false by a gal who showed toxicity stereospecific of S-enantiomer in thiamine-deficient mice.
LA
recognized to have antioxidant potential in 1959 and is used as a
preservative for fats and cooking oil, but it will take another 40 years
for this property to get significant public attention and application
in maintaining or restoring human health. In
the early 1960s R / S LA-marketed internationally both as a medicine
and nutrition by Fujisawa Pharmaceuticals and Takeda Pharmaceuticals
under the trade name Tioctan and Biletan. In Italy, Carlo Erba SpA (Milan) and Farmachimica Cutolo-Calosi
(Napoli) is the first company to develop two commercial R / S-LA and the
R / S-thioctamide and R / S-dihydrothioctamide.
In
the mid-1960s, Chemiewerk Homburg in Frankfurt, Germany (re-named Asta
Medica 1985 and distribution of pharmaceuticals from Degussa) started to
supply the European market with R / S-LA under the trade name
Thioctacid from raw materials supplied by Carlo Erba SpA. In
the late 1980s, Heinz Ulrich, MD of Chemiewerk Homburg started
reinvestigation difference between RLA, SLA and R / S-LA, experimental
and clinical. Ulrich began a new era in the study of modern RLA. [154] Ulrich contacted Professor Lester Packer of UC Berkeley to
encourage further research efforts to elucidating the mechanism of
action of LA and help expand the clinical applications of nutrition LA
and internationally.
R
produced Japanese and German / S-LA become available as a nutritional
supplement in the United States in the 80s and the sale and use is
growing slowly and steadily throughout the 1990s as interest in
antioxidants and free radicals is growing due to the recognition of the
role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species reactive in the field of health, disease and the aging process.
LA
usage grew rapidly after Dr. Packer served on an episode of ABC's
Nightline in 1999 which is considered as an antioxidant "miracle". [ reference? ]
LA, carnitine or acetyl carnitine recommended as "bio-energy
supplement" and the demand is growing for RLA along with R / S-LA after
several papers by Ame's research group Bruce Professor (also of UC
Berkeley) found BHM and carnitine acetyl inverted-related age marker in old mice to young levels.
Today
R / S-LA and RLA are widely available as a nutritional supplement
counter-top in the United States in the form of capsules, tablets and
liquid water and has been labeled as antioxidant this .Label has
recently been challenged. In Japan LA marketed primarily as an "energy" supplements.
RLA
daily dose of either oral or R / S-LA range of <10 mg / dose in the
form of a multi-vitamin formulation to 600 mg as a stand-alone product. High
doses up to 1800 mg have been used as high-dose therapy and 4-5 g / day
has been recommended for the treatment of HIV and cancer (ref needed). RLA
can function in vivo as vitamin B and at higher doses such as plant
derived nutrients like curcumin, sulphoraphane, resveratrol, other
nutrients that induce the phase II detoxification enzymes, thereby
acting as a cytoprotective agent.
Caffeine
Caffeine history
Caffeine is found in 1819 by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge. This compound is named caffeine, a chemical compound in coffee. Caffeine
is an alkaloid crystal santin, white and bitter, that in humans and
other animals can provide a psychoactive stimulant effect, which gives
effect to stay awake (alert) or not sleepy and diuretic (increases urine
production speed). Caffeine as a whole will be absorbed by the stomach and small intestine within 45 minutes after consumed.Sources of caffeine
Some sources of caffeine are commonly found around us is Coffee, Tea and Chocolate.Security Caffeine
Prof. Dr. Ir. Deddy Muchtadi MS, Lecturer in Food Science and Technology in Food
Magazine September 2008 Issue Review Indonesia write a few things about
this caffeine, among others:
1. It is very difficult to establish the level of caffeine consumption and its effect on health, as tolerance to caffeine is very different between individuals. for healthy adults, a small amount of caffeine had a positive influence, for example, provides the ability to concentrate better. But in sensitive people, a small amount of caffeine can give the effect of sleeplessness, headaches, nervousness and irritability.
2. The health researchers from Canada concluded that:
- Healthy adults are not at risk of potential adverse effects of caffeine when limiting caffeine intake to 400 mg per day.
- Individuals who obtain sufficient calcium intake which can be protected from the negative effects of caffeine terhdap calcium balance.
- Small child at risk for the negative effects of caffeine, especially in temperament.
- Pregnant women at risk to the effects of caffeine on the reproductive system.
3. To avoid the negative influence of caffeine on keshatan, Health Canada recommends a maximum limit caffeine consumption as follows:
- 45 mg per day for children aged 4-6 years
- 62.5 mg per day for children aged 7-9 years.
- 85 mg per day for children aged 10 -12 years
- 300 mg per day for women planning to become pregnant, pregnant and lactating women.
- Healthy adults a maximum of 400 mg per day.
Caffeine StatusThe FDA classifies caffeine as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) since 1958. Although caffeine is safe to eat, but should be consumed wisely. If the body feels tired should rest the CKP and do in doping with drinks containing caffeine high.
Ephedra
Ephedrine (En: Ephedrine; EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressants, medication aide concentrate, relieving congestion and to treat hypotension that are associated with anesthesia. Ephedrine has a similar structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and Methamphetamine. Chemically, these compounds are alkaloids that are derived from a variety of plant genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae). This material is generally marketed in the form hidroclorida and sulfate.
Ephedra once widely used in dietary supplement products. Now existence is banned since 2004 by the Food and Drug Administration or the United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) as ma huang have serious side effects and fatal such as heart attack, stroke, irregular heartbeat ill, even death.
Ephedra once widely used in dietary supplement products. Now existence is banned since 2004 by the Food and Drug Administration or the United States FDA (Food and Drug Administration) as ma huang have serious side effects and fatal such as heart attack, stroke, irregular heartbeat ill, even death.
Synephrine
Synephrine (oxedrine) is a drug that is commonly used for weight loss. While
the effectiveness is widely debated, synephrine has gained significant
popularity as an alternative to ephedrine, a special substance that has
been made illegal or restricted in many countries because it is used as a
precursor in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine. Products containing bitter orange or synephrine which is thought to cause adverse cardiovascular reactions. Synephrine
mainly come from Citrus aurantium fruit, a citrus tree that is
relatively small, some of the more common names that include Bitter
Orange, Sour Orange, and Zhi shi. , Dietary supplements generally supply a single oral dose of 30-30 mg,
while a pharmaceutical agent that is given orally or via parenteral
injection in doses of 20-100 mg as a vasoconstrictor for hypotensive
patients.
Many
food products such as '' Stacker 2, "Xenadrine-EFX", etc. contains a
"stack" of synephrine along with caffeine, sometimes with NSAIDs. , Some reports have indicated that as many diet pills cause harmful effects. , The Mayo Clinic published a report that suggested a link between the
Stacker 2 pills and an increased risk of ischemic stroke, increases
blood pressure, and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Synephrine can also cause arrhythmias. It is similar to ephedrine, and because it can show the same symptoms (see the side effects of ephedrine).
After
the presentation of a young man who healthy with a myocardial
infarction, a case study and literature review subsequent finding that
the makers of "nutritional supplements" that replaced ephedrine with
Analog synephrine p-and / or p-octopamine of "bitter orange" has effect
only find a way FDA
regulations prohibit ephedra in April 2004 in the supplement to the
same place of a substance that the regulation does not answer, while
allowing them to label a product as "free" ephedra.
Carnitine
Carnitine is a surfactant compound synthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. In living cells, is required for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids (or fat) metabolism to generation energi.Karnitin originally found as a growth factor for mealworms and labeled vitamin Bt .Karnitin exist in two stereoisomers: biologically active form is L -karnitin, while the enantiomer, D-carnitine, is biologically active.
Hydroxycitric Acid
hydroxycitric
acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid are found in a variety of
tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus subdariffa. HCA laboratory and animal studies have yielded results that indicate the potential for modulation of lipid metabolism; so HCA is an ingredient in some weight loss products and dietary supplements. However, clinical studies have shown that HCA had no effect in terms of weight or fat mass reduction.
One
isomer of HCA, known as (2 S, 3 R) -HCA, inhibits pancreatic
alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase intestine, leading to a reduction in
carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. Dlm
a study on Zucker rats that are genetically predisposed to obesity,
Garcinia cambogia extract containing HCA indicate that high doses that
caused significant suppression epididymal fat accumulation, but also led
to strong testicular atrophy and toxicity. However, this study has been criticized because of possible contamination of HCA used and shortcomings of various designs.
Guggulsterones
guggulsterones very effective at accelerating fat loss, especially since stimulating effect on the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormone is one of the most important hormones. , When your metabolic rate slows down, which is not when you go on a diet, you automatically burn fewer calories every day. This means that the rate at which you lose weight slows.
guggulsterones naturally stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland, your metabolic rate back to where seharusnya.Ini means that the weight becomes faster and easier, because naturally your body burn calories more each day.
Chitosan
Chitosan
is often sold in tablet form in health food stores as a binder "fat":
It should have the ability to interact with lipid (fat) from the
digestive system and limit their absorption in the body. ,Weight changes were statistically significant. There is no difference between chitosan and placebo on side effects. Various
quality (in terms of duration, sample size, dose, subject
characteristics, type of food, the quality of chitosan and
characteristics, etc.) of the clinical trials conducted to evaluate the
effect of chitosan on body weight may explain some of the differences
observed in the results of clinical trials and criticism continued the actual effectiveness of chitosan.
In
an experimental model of gastric and duodenal tract, chitosan has been
shown to interact with the oil, which inhibit fat absorption and
excretion enhanced duodenum. However,
the mechanism of interaction between chitosan and fat is not well
understood and have not actually been clinically proven yet. This is certainly the reason why the FDA has issued warning letters
2004-2 companies that make claims that are not appropriate according to
the regulator.
Although
critics claim that by using chitosan can have an adverse effect of
rendering ineffective certain minerals found in foods, some animals
learn this statement is contrary to show no or little effect. In rats, chitosan food consumption does not reduce the level of iron, zinc or copper. In addition, there is no evidence of any adverse events, particularly on nutrient absorption, in humans.
Hoodia Gordonii
Hoodia Gordonii is a spiny leaves of fresh plants with medicinal uses. It grows naturally in South Africa and Namibia. Grows naturally in South Africa and Namibia. Flowers smell like rotten meat and pollinated mainly by flies. A native Bushmen call this plant ǁ Hoba (pronounced [ǁ ʰ ɔbɑ]; the initial sound is click lateral) gordonii. Hoodia is found and painted by col. Robert Jacob Gordon in the vicinity of the Orange River in around 1779, and identified as Stapelia, closely related genus.
It
has long been known by the natives of South Africa, who infrequently
use these plants for treating indigestion and minor infections. However, their centuries old meat plants use to suppress appetite when
making long hunting trips in the Kalahari Desert that has stimulated
interest the most.
In
1977, at the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR) isolated ingredient in hoodia-now known as the P57-which
is responsible for the appetite suppressant effects, and patented in
1996. [1] The CSIR then granted United Kingdom-based Phytopharm licenses,
and they work together with the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to
isolate active ingredients from the extracts and look into synthesizing
them for use as an appetite suppressant .For Pfizer to release something
dealing with obesity suggests to me that they feel there is no benefit
to using oral her.Pfizer states that development on P57, the active ingredient of Hoodia, was stopped because of the difficulty synthesis of P57. Jasjit
Bindra, lead researcher for hoodia at Pfizer, states there were
indications of unwanted effects on the liver caused by other components,
which can not be easily removed from the supplements, adding "Clearly,
hoodia has a long way to go before it can earn approval from the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA). Until safer formulations are developed, dieters should be careful in using it ".
In
2002, CSIR officially recognized the San tribespeople rights over
Hoodia, which allows them to take a percentage of profits and any
spin-offs resulting from the marketing of Hoodia. Hoodia gordonii is a protected plant which can only be harvested by
individuals and the few companies who have been granted permission.
There is no published scientific evidence Hoodia as an appetite-suppressing function in humans. Animal
research hoodia includes one published scientific study in which a
purified extract of Hoodia Gordonii, known as P57, which is injected
directly into the brains of rats. [7]
The study authors say that the P57 rat is easily broken down by the
liver, so it may be difficult to take in enough to ensure that it
efek.MacLean cautioned that currently available supplements might be
inadequate, stating "I question whether there is really enough of the active ingredient in there to do a lot ". However, after reviewing further and in vitro experiments found that
P57AS3 generally not inhibit metabolism by human liver enzymes and have a
relatively high degree of secretions.
Given
the standardization of techniques and may be part of the active
ingredient into the blood flow and metabolism are relatively stable with
the heart, one can estimate the oral dose required to achieve the
amount of active ingredient that might be passed to the brain where it
is thought ATP availability in the hypothalamus regulate appetite.
Richard
M. Goldfarb, MD, a physician and medical director of Bucks County
Clinical Research in Morrisville, Pennsylvania, claims to have conducted
a study of the early success of Hoodia Gordonii seven people and
reports to have found it effective. Some studies support the promise appetite suppressant South Africa,
but believe abound "], WebMD, September 6, 2006, reviewed by Louise
Chang, MD (last accessed 24 March 2007).
Other medical experts remain skeptical of weight loss. Adrienne
Youdim, MD, medical director of Weight Loss comprehensive program at
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Michael Steelman, MD, chairman of the
board of trustees for the American Society of Bariatric doctors say
"There is no [published data] science to support their use." In
addition, The FTC recommends against the use of diet products are marketed with exaggerated claims.
Gastric
acid production is inhibited by P57, the active molecule found in
Hoodia Gordonii, this study found that the standardized extracts P57SD
at 50mg / kg reduces gastric acid output in the stomach 40-60%.
White kidney bean
White kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is originally from Peru, Europe and the Indies. Seed containing sulfur, and while uses for the entire plant there, the seeds are most often used to obtain benefits.
White kidney bean has been used in traditional medicine systems. Scientifically verified benefit only the white kidney bean seeds is
the ability of white kidney beans to act as starch blockers "" -
alpha-amylase enzyme blocker.
Alpha-amylase plays an important role in the digestion of food. As a digestive enzyme, alpha-amylase is necessary for starchy carbohydrate metabolism.
When
you consume starchy carbohydrates (called "complex" carbohydrates),
they should be split into smaller units known as dextrin. Dextrins are then further broken down into glucose. Dextrin and then further broken down into glucose. Glucose serves several purposes. It is either used for immediate energy needs, is stored in muscle
tissue or the liver as glycogen (in that order), or shuttled to the
liver, converted into lipids, and stored as body fat.
White
kidney bean extract can inhibit the action of digestive enzymes
amalyase alpha-, and this prevents the breakdown of starch into dextrin
and finally glucose. Basically, white kidney bean extract will result in some starch swallowed passes through your system undigested.
The resulting effect may be lower energy intake and ultimately a lower level of body fat storage.
white
kidney beans can block the digestion of starch, white kidney bean
extract does not act to block the digestion of fat or simple sugars,
dietary control that is needed to maintain optimal health. Also, while the white kidney bean extract inhibits the alpha-amylase,
glucoamylase (other starch digesting enzyme) can take over and start the
digestion of starch when alpha-amylase is inhibited.
While
the extract of white kidney beans promote weight management and healthy
weight loss that is healthy, and is currently flour best blocking
product developed, it is not a magic bullet "for weight loss or weight
management (indeed, there is no magic pill there ).
Therefore, continue to restrict the intake of starch you are
recommended when using extract of white kidney beans. Some manufacturers
of nutritional supplements stating that the extract of white kidney
beans more lipogenic (fat causes losses) of Ephedrine HCL, Ephedrine HCL
is a CNS stimulant that is very strong ( a beta agonist) that promotes rapid fat and water loss.